Harvard Case - Mano Dura: Mobilizing the National Guard to Battle Crime in Puerto Rico
"Mano Dura: Mobilizing the National Guard to Battle Crime in Puerto Rico" Harvard business case study is written by Marty Linsky, Harvey Simon. It deals with the challenges in the field of Economics. The case study is 14 page(s) long and it was first published on : Jan 2, 1997
At Fern Fort University, we recommend a multi-pronged approach to tackling crime in Puerto Rico, focusing on economic development, community engagement, and strategic law enforcement. This strategy aims to address the root causes of crime while simultaneously improving public safety and fostering long-term economic growth.
2. Background
The case study 'Mano Dura: Mobilizing the National Guard to Battle Crime in Puerto Rico' explores the complex issue of crime in Puerto Rico and the government's response through the 'Mano Dura' policy. This policy, implemented in 1999, involved deploying the National Guard to combat crime, leading to a significant decrease in crime rates initially. However, the policy faced criticism for its potential human rights violations and its failure to address the underlying socioeconomic factors contributing to crime.
The main protagonists of the case study are the Puerto Rican government, represented by Governor Pedro Rossell', and the people of Puerto Rico, who are struggling with high crime rates and a lack of economic opportunities.
3. Analysis of the Case Study
This case study highlights the complex interplay between economics, politics, law enforcement, and social issues in addressing crime. The 'Mano Dura' policy, while initially successful in reducing crime rates, failed to address the root causes of crime, such as poverty, unemployment, and lack of access to education.
Strategic Framework:
We can analyze this case using the Porter's Five Forces framework to understand the competitive landscape of crime in Puerto Rico:
- Threat of New Entrants: Low, due to the high barriers to entry for criminal organizations.
- Bargaining Power of Buyers: Low, as citizens are largely powerless against organized crime.
- Bargaining Power of Suppliers: High, as criminal organizations rely on various resources, including weapons and drugs, which can be sourced from various suppliers.
- Threat of Substitute Products: Low, as there are no readily available substitutes for the services offered by criminal organizations.
- Rivalry Among Existing Competitors: High, as various criminal organizations compete for territory and resources.
Key Issues:
- Economic disparity: High levels of poverty and unemployment create a breeding ground for crime.
- Lack of opportunity: Limited access to education and employment opportunities exacerbate the problem.
- Ineffective law enforcement: The 'Mano Dura' policy, while initially effective, failed to address the root causes of crime and created unintended consequences.
- Social unrest: The policy's heavy-handed approach fueled community distrust and resentment towards law enforcement.
4. Recommendations
1. Economic Development and Job Creation:
- Invest in infrastructure and urban development: Improve transportation systems, revitalize urban areas, and create attractive business environments to attract investment.
- Promote entrepreneurship and small business growth: Provide training, financing, and mentorship programs to support local entrepreneurs and create jobs.
- Develop specialized industries: Focus on sectors with high growth potential, such as tourism, technology, and renewable energy, to create skilled jobs.
- Strengthen trade and international business relations: Facilitate access to global markets for Puerto Rican businesses and attract foreign investment.
2. Community Engagement and Social Programs:
- Invest in education and training: Provide access to quality education and vocational training to equip citizens with the skills needed for the modern economy.
- Expand social safety nets: Strengthen existing programs and create new initiatives to address poverty, food insecurity, and healthcare needs.
- Promote community policing: Build trust between law enforcement and communities through community-based policing programs and initiatives.
- Invest in youth programs: Provide opportunities for youth development, mentorship, and recreation to prevent them from engaging in criminal activities.
3. Strategic Law Enforcement:
- Focus on intelligence gathering and targeted enforcement: Invest in technology and analytics to identify and disrupt criminal networks.
- Improve police training and accountability: Provide comprehensive training on de-escalation techniques, community policing, and human rights.
- Implement stricter gun control measures: Reduce the availability of firearms to prevent gun violence.
- Strengthen partnerships with federal agencies: Collaborate with federal law enforcement agencies to combat transnational crime.
5. Basis of Recommendations
These recommendations are based on the following considerations:
- Core competencies and consistency with mission: The recommendations align with the government's mission to improve public safety and promote economic growth.
- External customers and internal clients: The recommendations address the needs of both citizens and law enforcement agencies.
- Competitors: The recommendations aim to create a more competitive environment for businesses and reduce the appeal of criminal activities.
- Attractiveness ' quantitative measures: The recommendations are expected to generate positive economic and social returns, leading to increased employment, reduced crime rates, and improved quality of life.
- Assumptions: The success of these recommendations depends on the government's commitment to long-term investment, effective implementation, and strong political will.
6. Conclusion
Addressing crime in Puerto Rico requires a comprehensive approach that goes beyond simply deploying law enforcement. By investing in economic development, community engagement, and strategic law enforcement, the government can create a more just and prosperous society, reducing crime and fostering long-term growth.
7. Discussion
Alternatives:
- Increased reliance on 'Mano Dura' policies: This approach risks further alienating communities and exacerbating human rights concerns.
- Privatization of law enforcement: This could lead to a lack of accountability and potential abuses.
- Ignoring the problem: This would allow crime to continue to fester and undermine the social fabric of Puerto Rico.
Risks and Key Assumptions:
- Political will: The success of these recommendations depends on the government's commitment to long-term investment and sustained effort.
- Economic recovery: The effectiveness of the economic development strategy relies on a favorable economic climate and investment from both domestic and foreign sources.
- Community trust: Building trust between law enforcement and communities is crucial for the success of community policing initiatives.
Options Grid:
| Option | Pros | Cons | Assumptions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Economic Development | Creates jobs, reduces poverty | Requires significant investment, may take time to see results | Government commitment, favorable economic climate |
| Community Engagement | Builds trust, addresses root causes | Requires long-term investment, may be difficult to measure impact | Community participation, effective program implementation |
| Strategic Law Enforcement | Targets criminal networks, improves police effectiveness | Requires significant resources, potential for human rights violations | Effective intelligence gathering, strong political will |
8. Next Steps
Timeline:
- Year 1: Implement short-term economic development initiatives, launch community engagement programs, and improve police training.
- Year 2: Expand economic development programs, strengthen community partnerships, and invest in intelligence gathering and technology.
- Year 3: Evaluate the effectiveness of the programs, adjust strategies as needed, and continue to invest in long-term solutions.
Key Milestones:
- Reduced crime rates: Track crime statistics to measure the effectiveness of the strategies.
- Increased employment: Monitor job creation and economic growth indicators.
- Improved community relations: Conduct surveys and focus groups to assess community perceptions of law enforcement.
By implementing these recommendations, Puerto Rico can move towards a more secure and prosperous future, addressing the root causes of crime and building a society where all citizens have the opportunity to thrive.
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Case Description
Chaos and disorder in the public housing system of San Juan, Puerto Rico (second largest in the US, prompt the newly-elected governor Pedro Rosello to consider an unprecedented new approach: using the island's national guard troops to patrol the projects. The Guard would replace police who had become so frightened or corrupted by the dominance of drug gangs in public housing that they seldom ventured into the apartment complexes at all. The National Guard, moreover, was a popular force on the island. At the same time, Rosello knew that there were risks associated with calling out the Guard. Many in its ranks were young and inexperienced. Sustaining the commitment over time would be difficult and expensive. The kind of tactics thought necessary to regain control of the projects might offend civil libertarians. The new governor, urged on by the superintendent of police, had to decide whether and how to deploy the Guard. HKS Case Number 1390.0
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