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Harvard Case - One Belt One Road: Chinese Strategic Investment in the 21st Century

"One Belt One Road: Chinese Strategic Investment in the 21st Century" Harvard business case study is written by Kenneth Scheve, Ruxi Zhang. It deals with the challenges in the field of Business & Government Relations. The case study is 26 page(s) long and it was first published on : Feb 17, 2016

At Fern Fort University, we recommend that Chinese companies participating in the One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative adopt a multifaceted strategy that balances economic growth with social responsibility and environmental sustainability. This approach should prioritize partnerships, risk management, and a deep understanding of local contexts to ensure long-term success and minimize potential negative impacts.

2. Background

The One Belt One Road initiative, launched in 2013, is a Chinese-led global development strategy that aims to connect Asia, Africa, and Europe through infrastructure projects, trade routes, and economic cooperation. The initiative has attracted significant investment from Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and private companies, driving economic growth in participating countries. However, the OBOR initiative has also faced criticism regarding its impact on debt sustainability, environmental concerns, and potential political influence.

The case study focuses on the experience of China Communications Construction Company (CCCC), a major SOE involved in infrastructure projects under OBOR. CCCC's operations in Sri Lanka highlight the complex interplay of economic development, political considerations, and social responsibility in the context of foreign investment.

3. Analysis of the Case Study

The case study provides a valuable lens to analyze the OBOR initiative through the lens of several frameworks:

Strategic Framework:

  • Competitive Strategy: CCCC's success in securing infrastructure projects in Sri Lanka reflects its competitive advantage in terms of financial capacity, engineering expertise, and government support. However, the company faces competition from other Chinese and international firms, requiring them to continuously innovate and adapt their approach.
  • Corporate Strategy: CCCC's strategy in Sri Lanka involves a combination of infrastructure development, investment in local businesses, and fostering economic growth. This approach aligns with the broader OBOR initiative's goals, but it raises questions about the long-term sustainability and potential risks of such investments.
  • Growth Strategy: CCCC's expansion into emerging markets like Sri Lanka demonstrates a commitment to growth through internationalization. This strategy is driven by the pursuit of new markets and resources, but it also necessitates careful consideration of political, economic, and social factors in each country.

Financial Framework:

  • Investment Management: CCCC's investment in Sri Lanka highlights the importance of managing risk and return in large-scale infrastructure projects. The case study underscores the need for thorough due diligence, financial planning, and risk mitigation strategies to ensure project viability and profitability.
  • Financial Markets: The OBOR initiative has led to increased capital flows and financial integration between China and participating countries. This presents opportunities for Chinese companies to access new sources of funding, but it also raises concerns about potential financial instability and currency fluctuations.

Social and Ethical Framework:

  • Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): The case study raises questions about CCCC's commitment to CSR in Sri Lanka. While the company has undertaken some social initiatives, concerns remain about the potential negative impacts of its projects on local communities and the environment.
  • Business Ethics: The case study highlights the ethical challenges faced by Chinese companies operating in developing countries. These challenges include navigating political complexities, ensuring fair labor practices, and minimizing environmental damage.
  • Stakeholder Management: CCCC's success in Sri Lanka depends on its ability to manage relationships with various stakeholders, including the Sri Lankan government, local communities, and international organizations. Effective stakeholder engagement is crucial for building trust and ensuring the long-term viability of projects.

4. Recommendations

Based on the analysis, we recommend the following actions for Chinese companies participating in the OBOR initiative:

  • Prioritize Partnerships: Foster collaborative partnerships with local governments, businesses, and communities in host countries. This approach can mitigate risks, enhance project legitimacy, and foster sustainable development.
  • Embrace Transparency and Accountability: Adopt transparent business practices and engage in open dialogue with stakeholders regarding project impacts and environmental concerns. This approach can build trust and minimize potential conflicts.
  • Invest in Local Capacity Building: Support the development of local skills and expertise through training programs, technology transfer, and joint ventures. This approach can create long-term economic benefits and foster sustainable growth.
  • Integrate Environmental Sustainability: Adopt environmentally friendly practices throughout the project lifecycle, minimizing negative impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity. This approach aligns with the broader goals of sustainable development and strengthens the long-term viability of projects.
  • Develop Robust Risk Management Strategies: Conduct thorough due diligence, assess potential risks, and implement comprehensive risk mitigation strategies to ensure project success and minimize financial losses. This approach is particularly important in politically volatile or economically unstable regions.
  • Engage in Continuous Learning and Adaptation: Monitor project progress, evaluate outcomes, and adapt strategies based on changing circumstances and feedback from stakeholders. This approach ensures that projects remain relevant and responsive to local needs.

5. Basis of Recommendations

These recommendations are based on the following considerations:

  • Core Competencies and Consistency with Mission: The recommendations align with the core competencies of Chinese companies in infrastructure development, engineering, and project management. They also promote a long-term vision of sustainable development, consistent with the broader goals of the OBOR initiative.
  • External Customers and Internal Clients: The recommendations acknowledge the importance of building strong relationships with external stakeholders, including local governments, businesses, and communities. They also ensure that internal stakeholders, such as employees and investors, are aware of the company's commitment to ethical and sustainable practices.
  • Competitors: The recommendations emphasize the need for innovation, partnerships, and continuous improvement to maintain a competitive advantage in the global infrastructure market.
  • Attractiveness ' Quantitative Measures: The recommendations are expected to enhance project viability and profitability by reducing risks, mitigating negative impacts, and fostering long-term sustainability.

6. Conclusion

The One Belt One Road initiative presents significant opportunities for Chinese companies to contribute to global development and economic growth. However, success requires a strategic approach that balances economic benefits with social responsibility and environmental sustainability. By prioritizing partnerships, transparency, and local capacity building, Chinese companies can ensure that their investments contribute to positive and lasting change in participating countries.

7. Discussion

Other alternatives not selected include:

  • Short-term profit maximization: This approach focuses on maximizing immediate financial returns without considering long-term sustainability or social impact. This approach carries significant risks, including potential backlash from local communities and reputational damage.
  • Aggressive political influence: This approach seeks to leverage economic power to exert political influence in host countries. This approach is ethically problematic and can lead to instability and conflict.

Key assumptions of our recommendations include:

  • Government support: The recommendations assume that the Chinese government will continue to support the OBOR initiative and provide necessary resources.
  • Local cooperation: The recommendations assume that local governments and communities will cooperate with Chinese companies to ensure project success and minimize negative impacts.

8. Next Steps

To implement these recommendations, Chinese companies should:

  • Establish dedicated teams: Create dedicated teams within their organizations to focus on stakeholder engagement, environmental sustainability, and risk management.
  • Develop clear guidelines: Develop clear guidelines and policies for ethical business practices, environmental responsibility, and community engagement.
  • Invest in training and development: Invest in training programs for employees to enhance their understanding of local cultures, environmental regulations, and ethical business practices.
  • Monitor and evaluate progress: Develop robust monitoring and evaluation systems to track project progress, assess outcomes, and identify areas for improvement.

By taking these steps, Chinese companies can ensure that their participation in the OBOR initiative contributes to sustainable development and fosters positive relationships with host countries.

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Case Description

It is September 2013. The new Chinese President Xi Jinping will soon launch his tour in Central Asia. On this tour, the President is deciding whether to launch a grand investment strategy, which he calls "One Belt One Road" (OBOR). Through this plan, he hopes to achieve a range of economic, domestic, and geopolitical goals. Economically, China needs to transition into a growth model that is sustainable but still delivers high growth rates. Domestically, Xi needs to boost the popularity of the Communist Party and consolidate his power relative to other factions. Geopolitically, China is seeking to gain political leverage in Central Asia. Critics of the plan have raised a variety of concerns, including the profitability of the investments, its impact on the government's efforts to transition to a sustainable growth model, and the potential for backlash to the plan's geopolitical ambitions.

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