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Harvard Case - New Peril, Old Adversary: George W. Bush, 9/11, & Iraq (A): The United States & Iraq, 1980 to 2002

"New Peril, Old Adversary: George W. Bush, 9/11, & Iraq (A): The United States & Iraq, 1980 to 2002" Harvard business case study is written by Pamela Varley, Arne Westad. It deals with the challenges in the field of Business & Government Relations. The case study is 20 page(s) long and it was first published on : Jun 30, 2018

At Fern Fort University, we recommend a comprehensive analysis of the complex relationship between the United States and Iraq from 1980 to 2002, focusing on the interplay of international relations, politics, economics, and business to understand the factors leading to the 2003 invasion. This analysis will provide valuable insights into the political risk analysis involved in international business and the government's role in crisis management, particularly in the context of emerging markets and developing countries.

2. Background

This case study examines the tumultuous history between the United States and Iraq, beginning with the rise of Saddam Hussein and the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s. It explores the US's shifting policies towards Iraq, from supporting Hussein during the Iran-Iraq War to imposing sanctions after the invasion of Kuwait in 1990. The case study culminates with the events leading up to the 2003 invasion, including the 9/11 attacks and the Bush administration's 'war on terror.'

The main protagonists are:

• George W. Bush: The US President during the 9/11 attacks and the subsequent invasion of Iraq.
• Saddam Hussein: The dictator of Iraq from 1979 to 2003, responsible for numerous human rights abuses and the invasion of Kuwait.
• The United States: A global superpower with significant economic and military influence.
• Iraq: A developing country with a history of political instability and conflict.

3. Analysis of the Case Study

This case study can be analyzed through the lens of international relations theory, particularly the realist and liberal perspectives.

Realism suggests that states act in their own self-interest, seeking to maximize power and security. This perspective explains the US's support for Saddam Hussein during the Iran-Iraq War as a means to counter Iran's influence in the region. However, the US's subsequent shift to sanctions after the invasion of Kuwait highlights the limitations of realism, as the US prioritized international order and the protection of its allies.

Liberalism, on the other hand, emphasizes the importance of international cooperation, human rights, and democratic values. This perspective explains the US's focus on promoting democracy in Iraq after the Gulf War, as well as the pressure on the Bush administration to address the humanitarian crisis in Iraq.

The case study also highlights the interplay of economics and politics. The US's economic sanctions on Iraq, intended to weaken Hussein's regime, had a significant impact on the Iraqi population, leading to widespread poverty and hardship. This underscores the importance of considering the social and global issues associated with economic policies, particularly in developing countries.

Additionally, the case study reveals the complex nature of business and government relations. The US's decision to invade Iraq had significant implications for international business, particularly in the oil industry. The invasion created opportunities for US companies, but also raised concerns about corporate social responsibility and the potential for conflict of interest.

4. Recommendations

1. Conduct a comprehensive analysis of the US-Iraq relationship from 1980 to 2002, focusing on the interplay of political, economic, and social factors. This analysis should include:

   • A detailed timeline of key events, including the Iran-Iraq War, the Gulf War, and the 9/11 attacks.
   • An examination of the US's shifting policies towards Iraq, including the rationale behind each policy shift.
   • An assessment of the economic and social consequences of US policies on Iraq, including the impact of sanctions and the humanitarian crisis.
   • An investigation of the role of business in the US-Iraq relationship, including the involvement of US companies in the oil industry and the potential for conflict of interest.

2. Develop a framework for understanding the complexities of international relations, particularly in the context of developing countries and emerging markets. This framework should incorporate:

   • The interplay of political, economic, and social factors.
   • The importance of political risk analysis in international business.
   • The potential for conflict of interest between business and government.
   • The ethical considerations associated with international business operations.

3. Develop a set of best practices for government intervention in markets and crisis management in the context of international relations. These best practices should consider:

   • The potential for unintended consequences, such as the humanitarian crisis in Iraq.
   • The importance of stakeholder management in public-private contexts.
   • The need for transparency and accountability in government decision-making.

5. Basis of Recommendations

These recommendations are based on the following considerations:

1. Core competencies and consistency with mission: This analysis aligns with the mission of Fern Fort University to promote critical thinking and understanding of complex global issues.
2. External customers and internal clients: The insights gained from this analysis will be valuable to students, faculty, and researchers interested in international relations, business, and politics.
3. Competitors: This analysis will provide a competitive advantage by offering a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the US-Iraq relationship.
4. Attractiveness: This analysis is highly relevant to current events and will be of interest to a wide audience.

Assumptions:

• The US-Iraq relationship is a complex and multifaceted issue that requires a thorough and nuanced analysis.
• Understanding the interplay of political, economic, and social factors is essential for comprehending the dynamics of international relations.
• The ethical considerations associated with international business operations are crucial for ensuring responsible and sustainable business practices.

6. Conclusion

The US-Iraq relationship from 1980 to 2002 is a complex and challenging case study that offers valuable insights into the dynamics of international relations, business, and government. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of this relationship, we can gain a deeper understanding of the factors that contribute to conflict and instability in the world, as well as the potential for cooperation and development.

7. Discussion

Alternative approaches to analyzing this case study include:

• A purely historical perspective, focusing on the chronology of events and the motivations of key actors.
• A purely economic perspective, focusing on the impact of sanctions and the role of oil in the US-Iraq relationship.
• A purely political perspective, focusing on the ideological differences between the US and Iraq and the role of power politics.

However, these approaches are limited in their scope and fail to capture the full complexity of the US-Iraq relationship.

Risks and Key Assumptions:

• This analysis relies on the availability of reliable data and information.
• The interpretation of events and the motivations of key actors may be subject to bias.
• The recommendations may not be universally applicable to other international relations contexts.

8. Next Steps

1. Conduct a comprehensive literature review on the US-Iraq relationship, including academic articles, government reports, and news articles.
2. Develop a research methodology for collecting and analyzing data, including interviews with experts, archival research, and quantitative analysis.
3. Develop a timeline of key events in the US-Iraq relationship from 1980 to 2002.
4. Analyze the US's shifting policies towards Iraq, including the rationale behind each policy shift.
5. Assess the economic and social consequences of US policies on Iraq, including the impact of sanctions and the humanitarian crisis.
6. Investigate the role of business in the US-Iraq relationship, including the involvement of US companies in the oil industry and the potential for conflict of interest.
7. Develop a framework for understanding the complexities of international relations, particularly in the context of developing countries and emerging markets.
8. Develop a set of best practices for government intervention in markets and crisis management in the context of international relations.
9. Disseminate the findings of this analysis through academic publications, presentations, and public outreach.

This comprehensive analysis will provide valuable insights into the complex relationship between the United States and Iraq, contributing to a deeper understanding of international relations, business, and government.

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Case Description

The U.S. choice to go to war with Iraq, beginning in March 2003, was enormously consequential. This two-part case, developed for an HKS course called "Power Shifts: Understanding Global Change Through History," goes back in time to trace the evolution of American policy toward Iraq prior to 9/11, and the shift in thinking that led to war with Iraq during the administration of George W. Bush. The two parts of the case cover different parts of the chronology. While each could be used on its own, they are intended for use together. The (A) case, subtitled "The United States & Iraq, 1980 to 2002," briefly summarizes US policy toward Iraq after World War II, in the context of the Iran-Iraq War, and during the Persian Gulf War. It describes the frustrations inherent in the "aggressive containment" approach in the decade following. The case describes Bush Administration thinking about Iraq before 9/11, and the shift in thinking after that attack, including tensions within the Administration. The case ends in September 2002, with a tense battle between Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of State Colin Powell over what President Bush should say about Iraq in his upcoming September 12 address to the United Nations. The (B) case, subtitled "The Road to War, September 2002 to March 2003," begins with the President's address to the UN, and continues with the Administration's efforts to persuade the U.S. Congress and the United Nations that Iraq was manufacturing WMD, the simultaneous pursuit of a diplomacy track while preparing for war, and negotiations with a critical U.S. ally, British Prime Minister Tony Blair. The case ends with President George W. Bush's ultimatum to Saddam Hussein-that he and his sons leave Iraq within 48 hours, or face war with the United States. Case number 2130.0

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