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Harvard Case - Fannie Mae: Public or Private?

"Fannie Mae: Public or Private?" Harvard business case study is written by David A. Moss, Cole Bolton. It deals with the challenges in the field of Business & Government Relations. The case study is 38 page(s) long and it was first published on : Feb 10, 2009

At Fern Fort University, we recommend that Fannie Mae remain a government-sponsored enterprise (GSE) with a strong focus on public-private partnerships. This approach allows for the continued support of affordable housing while also leveraging private sector innovation and efficiency. This strategy will require a robust regulatory framework to mitigate risks and ensure transparency, while also fostering a culture of accountability and ethical conduct within the organization.

2. Background

Fannie Mae, established in 1938, played a crucial role in the development of the US housing market by providing liquidity and stability to the mortgage industry. However, its involvement in the 2008 financial crisis led to a debate about its future: should it remain a public entity or be privatized'

The case study focuses on the complex interplay between government policy and regulation, the private sector, and the broader economy. The main protagonists are the Federal government, Fannie Mae, and the private mortgage industry.

3. Analysis of the Case Study

This case study can be analyzed through the lens of several frameworks:

  • Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Fannie Mae's role as a GSE exemplifies a PPP model. This approach can leverage the strengths of both the public and private sectors, promoting economic growth, infrastructure development, and social impact. However, PPPs require careful management to ensure transparency, accountability, and alignment of interests.
  • Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Fannie Mae's mission to provide affordable housing aligns with CSR principles. However, the organization's involvement in the financial crisis raised questions about its ethical conduct and the potential conflicts between profit maximization and social responsibility.
  • Financial Markets and Regulation: The case study highlights the interconnectedness of financial markets and the need for effective regulation. Fannie Mae's actions and the subsequent financial crisis underscore the importance of risk management, transparency, and oversight in the financial sector.
  • Government Policy and Regulation: The case study demonstrates the significant impact of government policy on the private sector. The government's role in regulating Fannie Mae, providing bailouts, and shaping the housing market highlights the complex relationship between government and industry.

4. Recommendations

  1. Maintain Fannie Mae as a GSE: Fannie Mae's public mission aligns with the government's goal of providing affordable housing and promoting homeownership. Privatization could lead to reduced access to affordable housing and increased market volatility.
  2. Strengthen Regulatory Framework: Implement robust regulations to mitigate risks, ensure transparency, and promote ethical conduct within Fannie Mae. This includes:
    • Capital requirements: Adequate capital reserves to absorb potential losses.
    • Risk management practices: Strong internal controls and risk assessment procedures.
    • Transparency and accountability: Clear reporting requirements and independent audits.
  3. Foster Public-Private Partnerships: Leverage private sector innovation and efficiency while maintaining the public mission of affordable housing. This includes:
    • Joint ventures: Collaborate with private lenders to expand access to affordable housing.
    • Technology adoption: Utilize technology to streamline processes and improve efficiency.
    • Data sharing: Share data with private partners to improve market insights and risk assessment.
  4. Promote a Culture of Ethics: Establish a strong ethical framework and foster a culture of integrity within Fannie Mae. This includes:
    • Code of conduct: Clear guidelines for ethical behavior.
    • Whistleblower protection: Encourage employees to report wrongdoing without fear of retaliation.
    • Independent oversight: Establish an independent ethics committee to review and address ethical concerns.

5. Basis of Recommendations

These recommendations are based on the following considerations:

  • Core competencies and consistency with mission: Maintaining Fannie Mae as a GSE aligns with its core competency in providing liquidity to the mortgage market and its mission of promoting affordable housing.
  • External customers and internal clients: These recommendations prioritize the needs of both external customers (homebuyers) and internal clients (employees).
  • Competitors: The recommendations consider the competitive landscape and the need for Fannie Mae to remain competitive while fulfilling its public mission.
  • Attractiveness: Maintaining Fannie Mae as a GSE with a strong focus on public-private partnerships offers a balanced approach that combines the benefits of both the public and private sectors. This approach is likely to be attractive to stakeholders, including the government, investors, and the public.

6. Conclusion

Fannie Mae's future lies in a balanced approach that leverages the strengths of both the public and private sectors. Maintaining Fannie Mae as a GSE with a robust regulatory framework and a strong focus on public-private partnerships will ensure the continued support of affordable housing while also promoting innovation and efficiency. This approach will require a commitment to ethical conduct, transparency, and accountability to ensure the long-term success of the organization and its mission.

7. Discussion

Other alternatives not selected include:

  • Full Privatization: This option could lead to reduced access to affordable housing and increased market volatility.
  • Complete Government Ownership: This option could lead to inefficiencies and a lack of innovation.

The recommendations are based on the assumption that the government is committed to supporting affordable housing and that the private sector can play a constructive role in achieving this goal.

Risks:

  • Regulatory Capture: Fannie Mae could potentially influence regulators to weaken regulations in its favor.
  • Moral Hazard: The government's implicit guarantee of Fannie Mae's debt could lead to excessive risk-taking.
  • Political Interference: Fannie Mae could be subject to political pressure to prioritize certain lending practices over others.

8. Next Steps

  1. Establish a task force: Form a task force to develop a detailed implementation plan for the recommendations.
  2. Develop a regulatory framework: Work with regulators to develop a robust regulatory framework that addresses the risks associated with Fannie Mae's operations.
  3. Pilot public-private partnerships: Initiate pilot projects to test the effectiveness of different public-private partnership models.
  4. Promote a culture of ethics: Implement training programs and other initiatives to foster a culture of ethical conduct within Fannie Mae.

This implementation plan should be developed in consultation with stakeholders, including government officials, industry representatives, and consumer advocates. The timeline for implementation will depend on the complexity of the initiatives and the availability of resources.

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Case Description

In 1987, President Ronald Reagan established the President's Commission on Privatization to identify federal government functions that could be shifted to the private sector. One agency that the Commission considered was the Federal National Mortgage Association, or Fannie Mae. Fannie Mae was a Depression-era creation that was charged with establishing a secondary market for home loans. By purchasing qualifying residential mortgages from individual home loan issuers, Fannie Mae provided these institutions with funds for the continued issuance of mortgages, thereby promoting the government's goal of increased homeownership. Although lawmakers had already partially privatized Fannie Mae in 1954 and again in 1968, the agency in 1987 still retained close links to the federal government, including an emergency line of credit from the U.S. Treasury. After its deliberations, the President's Commission recommended Fannie Mae be restructured into a fully private firm. Now it was up to Congress and the President to decide whether to accept and implement the Commission's findings.

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